LONDON, U.K.: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are a serious public health risk that needs urgent action, according to a new set of papers by 43 international experts published in the medical journal The Lancet.

The scientists — including the Brazilian professor who first helped create the term about 15 years ago — say UPFs are becoming more common worldwide and are linked to poorer diets and many health problems, including obesity and cancer.

"This is about the evidence we have today on ultra-processed foods and human health," said Carlos Monteiro from the University of São Paulo at an online briefing. "What we know now is enough to justify global public action."

UPFs are foods and drinks made using industrial processes, additives, and processed ingredients, usually with very little whole food. Examples include soft drinks and instant noodles.

Although the term "ultra-processed food" is widely used, some scientists — and the food industry — argue it oversimplifies things. The debate has become increasingly political.

The authors of the Lancet papers admit the concept has weaknesses and that more research is needed, especially to explain precisely how UPFs cause harm and how different UPF products may affect health differently. But they say the existing evidence is already strong enough for governments to step in.

A review of 104 long-term studies found that 92 reported higher risks of at least one chronic disease linked to UPF-heavy diets. They found strong links to 12 conditions, including Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and depression.

Most of these studies can only show associations, not direct proof that UPFs cause the diseases. The authors acknowledge this but say action is still needed — especially because UPF consumption continues to rise and makes up more than half of the diet in countries like the United States.

The three papers, funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, also recommend adding UPFs to national health policies that already target foods high in fat, sugar, or salt. But the authors warn that the food industry is the biggest obstacle to progress.

The International Food and Beverage Alliance, which represents large multinational food companies, said its members also want to improve global health and should have a role in shaping policy. Its Secretary-General, Rocco Renaldi, said the recommendations "go far beyond the available evidence" and warned that limiting UPFs could reduce access to affordable, long-lasting foods in many places.